Mechanism Of Trade Dispute Settlement In The Light Of International Dissertation

Mechanism Of Trade Dispute Settlement In The Light Of International Trading System - Dissertation Example Dispute settlement is one of the fundamental components of these. This research will identify these dispute settlement mechanisms and examine whether these are effective, problematic or insufficient. In order to achieve the primary objective, the secondary objectives, which follows, would also be pursued: 1. identify and define the types of dispute settlement mechanisms; 2. cite actual cases that has been acted on and formed part of the global system’s trade jurisprudence; and, 3. examine the efficacy and the success of each identified mechanisms in dispute resolution. Methodology This study is primarily a descriptive research. Hence, it will exclusively use the qualitative method of inquiry with the idea that such approach would be able to reveal a comprehensive and credible picture that would contribute to the achievement of the study’s objectives. The qualitative approach is important because of the study’s focus on examining issues related to the efficacy of dispute settlement mechanisms in relation to the needs and interest of each trading nation. There is a need to deal with the dispute mechanisms by investigating through specific individual cases of disputes and settlement. This researcher is of the opinion that, in this context, the method is the best tool to uncover weaknesses and unique strengths among the dispute settlement mechanisms. An important component of the research methodology is the case study. According to Katsirikou and Skiadas (2010), it is the preferred strategy in order to answer how and why research questions and that it is a well-suited method to empirically investigate contemporary phenomena.1 Following the... This study is primarily a descriptive research. Hence, it will exclusively use the qualitative method of inquiry with the idea that such approach would be able to reveal a comprehensive and credible picture that would contribute to the achievement of the study’s objectives. The qualitative approach is important because of the study’s focus on examining issues related to the efficacy of dispute settlement mechanisms in relation to the needs and interest of each trading nation. There is a need to deal with the dispute mechanisms by investigating through specific individual cases of disputes and settlement. This researcher is of the opinion that, in this context, the method is the best tool to uncover weaknesses and unique strengths among the dispute settlement mechanisms. An important component of the research methodology is the case study. According to Katsirikou and Skiadas, it is the preferred strategy in order to answer how and why research questions and that it is a well-suited method to empirically investigate contemporary phenomena. Following the descriptive and exploratory parameter cited earlier, case studies will be employed in order to explain in detail a particular case and that it could provide the basis for comparison and theory building. The Literature Review section will play an important role as well. For example, policy- and decision-making are likely to employ more than one synthesis method. This, would lead to different types of evidence identified as relevant to the range of research objectives outlined.

What options do the elderly have for housing and what is the best Research Paper

What options do the elderly have for housing and what is the best option - Research Paper Example Knowing this, we come to realization that there will be an increased need for a vast array of different types of housing. The choice of the living arrangements largely depends on the capabilities and needs of the individual. Despite needs for changes, there are things, specific to aging that do not change. Throughout the retirement time the individual will likely have smaller income, and his problems with health are likely to increase. According to statistics, those who live to age 65, on average are likely to live to over 80 years, which makes about 15 - 20 years of life after the retirement. That is a long enough period of time, which presents its challenges: economical, health and psychological pressure, etc. This often leads to the necessity of changing the housing situation a number of times during the time between the onset of retirement and death. To get information on the available housing options for elderly, to determine what are the options preferred and recommended, we lo oked into variety of sources such as articles, congress Acts, governmental and non-governmental Internet resources. Study of the sources provided both the clear description of the problem of housing for elderly as well as wide variety of options of solving the problem. There are many reasons of why the senior citizens might have issues about the housing. However, as the professor McFadden summed it up: â€Å"The main issues in housing the elderly in the United States are affordability and suitability.† (Noguchi, p.109) Once a person or household gets retired, they face the fact that their income will get significantly lower than on the peak of their life. The Government provides senior citizens with Social Security income, private pensions, and public assistance programs. All of these will enable most elderly not to live in poverty. However, the more they age, the less income they will receive. Other issues such as healthcare and quality of life will become more urgent as wel l. Therefore the housing itself will become a problem. The society at large is aware of this problem and significantly contributed to its solving. As of now, elderly citizens have different options to accommodate their housing needs. When considering housing options, the first question is if in-home care is possible. The best advantage for the elderly is that he would stay in the most comfortable place – their own home, and the care givers, such as medical assistant or companion and helper in the home comes to the house. However, this option can too costly. According to the Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) and The Housing for Older Persons Act of 1995(HOPA), there are two basic federal strategies to accommodate housing needs of the elderly. One of them is building new public complexes. This project is under supervision of Section 202 HUD governmental department. The other strategy is to assess the needs of residents through the governmental fundin g. However, there is large percentage of senior citizens, who will not use federal assistance in solving their housing situation. They do have many options to choose from. All of those options have one big disadvantage to the elderly – they will have to permanently leave their home and start living in a totally new environment. For some, it will be difficult to adjust. Considering housing options, these are the main factors of concern of senior citizens or their relatives: safety issues, location – to be close enough to their children; availability of transportation; challenging inside house set up – staircases, facilities matching to the need and ability of the senior; present house is too big or too costly to maintain, etc. â€Å"Seniors Only† complexes or communities These are apartment complexes,

International accounting standards Research Paper

International accounting standards - Research Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to try and understand the implications the prevalent global financial crisis will have on the organizations that are placed in order to determine the accounting standards for firms to follow Now,in the U.S.,the applicable regulations are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,while in Europe they are the International Financial Reporting Standards. However, we will be focusing more on the International Financial Reporting Standards in Europe which are surveyed and controlled by the International Accounting Standards Board; if nothing but merely due to a lack of space. Now, our strategy in dealing with this topic is going to be as follows: the inner workings of the global financial crisis and what it has become in the present will be critically analyzed as quite frankly, that lies outside the bounds of this topic. Rather, we will pick out some International Accounting Standards that are currently in place and actively applied throughout the world. We wil l then try to analyze whether a change needs to be made to these standards in order to make them more holistic with regards to the contemporary global financial landscape. [1]For the purpose of this paper, we have chosen International Accounting Standard 1 and 24. Now the reason for choosing these standards is very simple: the first international accounting standard is related to the proper documentation of the financial statements and their proper release to the public. This has been a major talking point during the recent global financial crisis i.e. firms have been alleged by all quarters to have misread and subsequently withheld important information from their investors which led to the escalation of a minute problem; which was the sub-prime mortgage crisis into this global financial crisis. [2] The other International Accounting Standard that we have chosen for our paper is IAS 24 which basically concerns the related party transactions. The choice of this specific standard had been geared by consistent notions running around the financial markets that organizations have used their related ventures of key partners in bailing out an firms which have been in financial distress as part of a setup which may not be wrong according to the letter of the law but is certainly ethically immoral and perhaps socially not optimal; given that such transactions of bailout have occurred. Based on our analysis of these two standards, we will try to rationalize a hypothesis for the question that has been posed to us at the start of the paper. [3] International Accounting Standard 1: The main purpose of the International Accounting Standard 1 is to formulate a sort of best practice for the manner in which financial statements of different companies are prepared for final presentation. This is largely in order to ascertain the seamless comparison vis--vis the financial statements of the organization that have been produced in the preceding years and with the financial statements of other organizations. To achieve this goal, this standard demarcates a holistic set of prerequisites with regards to the presentation of financial statements, principles governing their configuration and the least necessities that have to be present in the reports vis--vis their specific subject matter. A complete set of financials must include a Balance Sheet, an Income Statement, a Statement of changes in Owner's Equity demonstrating all the changes in the equity or changes in equity beside those transactions which have been conducted by equity holders whilst they used their position a s equity holders, a Cash Flow Statement and a Notes for Guidance [4] In addition to this, the standard is also very clear on the other issues with regards to the presentation of the financial statements in that these statements must be unmistakably demarcated and

M6A2 Leadership and Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M6A2 Leadership and Ethics - Assignment Example Implementation Plan The first step of the implementation plan would include the depiction of the ethical issues related to the company (i.e. Tesco). One of the prime ethical issues that the company is facing is regarding coming up with misleading advertisement. It has been observed from the previously conducted analysis that the company showed price cuts for it’s certain products but in reality they had intended to increase their sales through the reduction of price of disliked products and increase in price of the accepted items. This is also considered as one of the ethical issues of the company. It has been further recognized that in order to deal with such issues proper leadership guidance would be quite vital. A leader is a person who would be held responsible for the entire performance of the group (Northouse, 2010). Thus, it is vital that a company should have leaders with appropriate characteristics so that they can handle varying as well as unpredictable situations wi th utmost effectiveness. In this regard, it has been noticed that transformational style of leadership model would be quite appropriate. It has been learnt that this type of leader would enhance motivation and morale of the employees. These would further include enhancing a sense of identity and responsibility of the employees so that they can work effectively by keeping in consideration the ethical aspects (Simic, 1998). The first step a leader should follow with regard to solving any ethical dilemma would be to analyze the concerned issue of the company from different perspectives. He/she first needs to understand about who would be affected the most by such ethical issues. It can be said that the issue mentioned above is immoral as well as illegal. Leader would have to take the responsibility or the accountability of the entire situation. It can easily depict that the whole issue generally take place mainly because it is overlooked when it was actually taking place. The leader ha s a big role to play with regard to tackling these issues. He/she would have to instruct the employees of the company about how these issues could harm the reputation of the company in the long run. It also needs to be discussed by the leader that customers are the sole reason for the success of any business. Hence, it is highly unethical to mislead or cheat customers with such advertisements as they are the biggest asset of the company (McLeod, 2007). He/she would also need to form a set of ethical code of conducts and encourage all the employees to follow the same. These the issues could be resolved by the leader with transformational leadership characteristics. Contingency Plan The contingency plan could be considered as a substitute of the implementation plan. This would be implemented if the first plan fails to create an impact. In this plan, a leader with strict personality would be taken into consideration. In this regard, an autocratic leader can be considered to take the le ad. He/she would need to be quite severe in their conduct. The leader should aim to complete a particular task mostly through negative motivation. He/she would also need to maintain a close supervision on the ethical conducts of the employees. High Penalties would be imposed on employees who are caught following any unethical practices that can ultimately harm the reputation of the organization. This approach could be considered negative but it is mostly observed to be effective (Daft, 2008).

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Socrates - Essay Example All through the book Socrates proves his respect for the law as well as his deep desire to continue studying philosophy. This paper will discuss why Socrates submitted to the law despite being innocent and it will seek to prove that Socrates love for his religion was far above his willingness to cooperate with the laws of Athens, and that he also respected the laws very much. During Socrates trial in the Apology, he stated to the Jury that he believed in what his gods commanded him to doing, and he would remain in his philosophical missions regardless of any situations. The Jury offered him the chance for freedom is he would quit his philosophical missions but Socrates said that even if it meant choosing between staying in prison and being free because of his religion, he would choose remaining in prison and continuing with his philosophy. Socrates had been imprisoned because he had spent a lot of time in investigation and practicing philosophy. In one occasion one member of the July said, "If you said to me in this regard: Socrates, we do not believe Anytus now; we acquit you, but only on the condition that you spend no more time on this investigation and do not practice philosophy, and if you are caught doing so you will die, if , as I say , you were to acquit me on those terms, I would say to you : " (Plato 29c-d) Through this statement, the Jury made it clear that they were completely against Socrates ideas and religion ad they were only going to set him free on condition that he quitted his philosophical mission. In response to this statement, Socrates stated that, Through this response, Socrates made it clear to the July that he was not ready to buy their decision and that he respected his religion more than the law. The fear of suffering in prison could not pullback Socrates philosophical mission. He chooses to go against the law and be denied independence on the expense of continuing to study

Exam on inpatient and outpatient codinhg Essay Example for Free

Exam on inpatient and outpatient codinhg Essay 1. The three goals of the Physicians Payment Reform are to decrease Medicare expenditures. As well as redistribute physician’s payments more equitably. Also to ensure quality health care at a reasonable rate. 2. I would use modifier -57, decision for surgery with the E/M code for this case. Due to the E/M service and the decision for surgery were made earlier that same day. 3. There are three components of the relative value unit the first component is work, which is the amount of time, the intensity of effort and the technical expertise required for the physician to provide the service. The second would be the overhead component also known as the practice expense, it is identified as the allocation of cost associated with the physicians practice (ex. Staffing) that must be expended in order to provide a service. The third component is malpractice and is identified as the cost of the medical malpractice insurance coverage/ risk associated with providing the service. 4. People age 65 and older, along with patients who are experiencing end-stage renal disease are both eligible for Medicare. As well as people who are eligible for disability benefits from social security, they are too covered by the Medicare program. 5. To find the main terms in the index of the CPT you must use these basic location methods, you must search by the service or the procedure, the anatomic site, condition or disease. You also could use synonyms, eponym’s or abbreviations to find main terms in the index. 6. The E/M code 99253 would be used to report an initial impatient consultation. With a detailed history and exam along with a MDM of low complexity. 7. There are many elements when considering the correct E/M code. There are four elements of history which include chief complaint, history of present illness, as well as review of symptoms and past, family, and/or social history. 8. The complexity of medical decision making is base doff of three elements which are the number of diagnosis or management options. These options can be minimal, limited, multiple or extensive. The nest element is the amount and/or the complexity of data to review. The data can be minimal or none, limited, moderate or extensive. The last element of medical decision making is the risk of complication or death if the condition goes untreated. This risk can be minimal, low, moderate or high. 9. The correct CPT code is 99214 due to the detailed history. As well as the detailed exam and a MDM of moderate complexity. 10. There are three key components present in every patient’s case except counseling encounters and/or time based codes. The three components are the history, the level of examination, the level of medical decision making. These components allow us coders to choose the appropriate level of service.

The Origin Of Salsa Music Film Studies Essay

The Origin Of Salsa Music Film Studies Essay The Caribbean region was the first American area to be populated by the immigrants from Africa. Those people with features and traits that differed greatly from the population of two American continents could nor but had a strong influence upon all the spheres of life of the Caribbean region. Their impact embraced the most various spheres: arts, literature, speech, religion, and, of course, music and dance. Their impact was great. Nevertheless all the following waves of immigrants brought to Americas their culture too, the influence of the African people was the greatest: everybody adopted their culture. The vital energy of African people let them took the Caribbean culture, transform it and create a new one, unique and unusual. That phenomenon got the name of creolization the adoption of new African black culture and its quick and effective spread across two continents. Since then Latin American music could avoid the influence of strong African rhythms. The rhythmic loud energetic black music had imprinted the African homeland of the Caribbean inhabitants forever. That is why many genres of the worlds most favorite music originate from Latin America. They come from such countries as Cuba, Puerto Rico, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica and many others. One of the most popular and famous genres of music is salsa. It comes from Puerto Rico. Salsa got a very strong influence of vibrating and energetic black music from the African continent. Salsa resembles mambo to a certain extent. It actually originated from mambo having become the independent musical genre. Nowadays the name of the genre denotes a rhythm, but originally it was a genre derived from Cuban rhythms such as Chachacha, Son and Mambo. The present salsa corresponds to a music style. This modern genre plays Cuban rhythms, such a Son, Guaracha, Son Montuno and Guaguanco. In this respect Johnny Pacheco a man who is considered to have shown salsa to New York claims that salsa has always had Cuban origin and has always been its native music. The word salsa itself is of Spanish origin. It means a sauce. It can be associated with Spanish cuisine: the music may be as saucy as meals that is a possible connotation implied on the name of the genre of music. This music style was created approximately in 1960-1970s. Actually salsa is a mixture of African and Spanish music that embraces the most peculiar features of two cultures. It is filled with the history of Puerto Rica and Cuba. Salsa usually begins with a simple melody that is usually improvised. Latin jazz adapted it. Trombone adds it additional aggressiveness and makes it more alike Cuban music. Besides trombones usually add to the general rhythm of a melody; they are usually accompanied by congas, bongos and timbales. Sometimes piano and horn are also present in salsa music. The bands that play salsa music usually diversify their repertoire with songs that differ greatly from each other. They are bombas and plenas, merengue and vallenato. Practically all of them are variations of the famous Cuban son. All of them begin in the same way: with a melodic song; then a montuno break follows; then jazzy solos and instrumental breaks take their turn. The USA have slightly changed salsa music: they made a mix of different genres: meringue, salsa, cumbia, chachacha, bachata. But that actually depends on a DJ that performs music for young people. Percussion is a distinctive feature of salsa music. It can be performed by many different instruments, such as cowbells, claves, conga and timbales. The other instruments that are used during the performance of salsa music are trombones, trumpets, and bass guitar. These are the principal instruments that are necessary and actually obligatory for salsa, but some artists can add many other instruments too. That does not violate the style, but gives additional individuality to a performer of music. In other words these are manifestations of a performers individuality and own style. Recently salsa music was performed by the tres guitars. The band that performed it was called a conjunto. But actually these groups are extinct now, and the tres has become a rarity. There are often twelve people in a band. One of them is a leader that rules the whole band. There are usually from two to four players that are responsible for horns. Other members of a band usually play different instruments: co nga, bongo, piano, timbales and bass guitar. Some instruments may also be used by a singer -a vocalist: such as claves, maracas or guiro. Sometimes a vocalist also uses a bell to accompany the melody. Salsa music is considered to be more appropriate for dances. That is why many songs do not abound in lyrics. If there are some lyrics in the song, they do not usually carry a difficult content; they are easy to understand, as the main idea of salsa music does not consist in words but in music itself and the feelings it arises. Modern salsa music is often very romantic, even sentimental and besides very touching. Its lyrics very often carry a sexual and emotional implication. The music and therefore lyrics do not necessary have to be strictly and before-planned. Improvisation is very welcome during the performance. It gives the additional confidential feeling and creates a very emotional atmosphere and relations between a performer and a listener of the salsa music. Besides practically all the lyrics refer to the Afro-Catholic religion. That does not depend on a person who performs a song, but is implied in the general idea of the salsa songs. As it has already been said salsa originated from the Cuban son. It became the result of mixture of two cultures: African and European (particularly Spanish). Though the intensive development of salsa began after the 1960s, in 1930s salsa music was already rather popular in Cuba. It began to spread across the USA very quickly. American people liked the lively rhythms very much. The most popular performers of salsa music were Felix Chappotin and Arsenio Rodrà ­guez that period. Those days salsa was very close to mambo. The centers of these music genres were in New York City and New Mexico. This situation can be justified by the fact that many bands that performed Latin music were attracted by the developing Hollywood. Most of the members of salsa and mambo bands were of Cuban and Puerto Rico origin. They were Perez Prado, Machito, Tito Rodrà ­guez and Tito Puente. New York really likes that music of African immigrants. Mambo and therefore jazz were in a great degree influenced by jazz music. However jazz tradition was greatly developed in the era of bebop. The 1950s also liked the Latin music. The main popular genres were rumba, mambo and chachacha. They were already widespread across the USA and Europe. Unfortunately the Cuban Revolution of 1959 cut the relations between New York and Cuba and salsa motives declined a little bit. The Latin music leaders of the 1960s were Johnny Pacheco, Ray Barretto and Eddie Palmieri. Nevertheless the crisis in the relations between Cuba and New York Latin music developed gradually as the Afro-American culture had a very strong influence. However the modern salsa is said to have got the strongest push in 1960s in New York. By this time Latin music did not have that strong influence as it did. It gave way to other music genres and directions: doo wop, rock and roll and RB. Still people could hear Latin mambo, salsa and other Latin genres in different parts of New York but they have lost their leading part in musical world of that period of time. They ceased to be the most famous American music. Among the popular performers of salsa of those times were and the Lebron Brothers and Joe Bataan. In the late 1960s the political situation in America became rather unstable. A lot of groups and political organizations were formed by the young population of Afro-American part of the country. These organizations were of rather radical character, such as Black Panthers for example. The Latin part of the population could not stand apart from these active actions of young generation of Americans and also took part in these movements. It could not but reflected on Latin music. It became more mixed, more energetic and more aggressive. It was also based on Cuban son, because it had been the most favorite music of many people for a long time. Besides, it was favored both in New York and in Puerto Rico. By the 1970s the salsa centre moved to the Cheetah and Manhattan. In Manhattan a recording company Fania Records was organized. This company paid much attention to the rising stars of salsa music. Actually it is the credit of this company that the world saw many great performers of salsa music. Fania Records studio was founded by a flautist from the Dominican Republic Johnny Pacheco and Jerry Masucci, an impresario. But the peak of Fania Records career coinsided with the work of Hà ©ctor Lavoes El Malo and Willie Colà ³n in 1967. They introduced some new melodies: plena tunes and son montuno. These motives became the gound for the modern salsa genre. Several years later after the hard work of many people salsa music was actually reborn: the year 1971 saw the performance in Cheetah nightclub. More than one thousand people gathered in order to hear the fascinating tunes of salsa music; that became a new push in the salsa development. It spread rather quickly outside the New York City and reached Miami, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Colombia and many other places. Cali (the city in Colombia) became one of the worlds centers of salsa music. Salsa also was very honored in many places, such as Caracas, Guayaquil and Panama City. That became a very good ground for the further development of salsa music. It spread across Colombia, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and some other countries of Latin America. This new style of music became something more than just a musical genre. Many Latinos associated it with their native music, the music of their culture and their people. The number of salsa bands increased greatly. In New York some radio stations appeared that translated salsa music only. Thus, the Sunday Salsa Show, for instance, became one of the most popular programs in New York. The audience of this show comprised more than one million people who put all their affairs aside every Sunday when the show began. The most popular performers of salsa music that period were Celia Cruz and Eddie Palmieri. They brought some modern innovations to salsa music and made it popular for the next twenty years 1970s and 1980s. The album of salsa music Siembra that saw the world that period became t he best-selling album of Latin music in the whole history. The innovations made by Celia Cruz and Eddie Palmieri did not stop. They were made by many other people after them. Salsa musicians loved this music very much and from the very depths of their hearts brought something new in it. Willie Colà ³n, the leader of a salsa band, introduced the cuatro that was a string Puerto Rican musical instrument. This instrument became popular not only in salsa music, but also in rock, jazz and many other directions including Brazilian and Panamanian music. A man from Fania Records whose name was Larry Harlow made another great innovation in salsa music. He introduced electric piano into it. Thereby salsa genre acquired new features, became a little bit different and therefore fresh and interesting for the new generations. Despite this some of the Latin listeners turned to hip hop, disco, techno or other styles of popular modern music of that period. The 1980s saw another rebirth of salsa music. This time it was made by salsa music band La Verdad and their leader Joe Arroyo. They added the new breath in salsa genre. It has already been said above that modern salsa has romantic and sweet character. Exactly the 1980s gave it this sweetness. During these years salsa music acquired its sweet melodies and romantic character. It became more perceptional, more sensory, and sexual. It became evident after the album Noches Calientes by Josà © Alberto with Louie Ramirez as a producer was released. That provoked a wave of romantic singers and romantic songs. This genre became less popular among energetic Latin people, but it found the new admirers in America among young generation. In the 1980s salsa became very diverse and spread across Mexica, Argentina, Peru, European countries and even Japan. During this period musicians experimented with various genres. They tried to combine different elements of other musical directions and find something new. They succeeded in their intentions as salsa was combined with hip hop and many other popular genres. Some people as Sergio George, for example tried to revive salsas commercial success of the previous years. This man worked with Japanese musicians and made everything possible to bring something new in salsas genre. The most prominent performers of that period were Celia Cruz, Tito Nieves, La India, Josà © Alberto, Luis Enrique and Tito Puente. The years 1990s saw salsa revival. It already had its own genre which was called timba. Such bands as NG La Banda and Los Van Van made a lot to develop it. It still remained Colombian music. Some singers created their own style of performing salsa music. Carlos Vives was among them. He made a lot to popularize it. And he succeeded much as his work resulted in the rising of such stars of salsa music as Gloria Estefan. Nowadays a steady growth in the genre of salsa music is observed. There a lot of performers of it (La India, Brenda K. Starr, Marc Anthony, Son By Four and Và ­ctor Manuelle) and every one of them introduces new elements into this peculiar music that has already proved its independence from the other musical genres. It is popular not only in the Latin America, but in many other countries of the world. This genre of music proved itself to be resistant to social changes and to the changes of time. That is why it does not seem to stop its developing and it surely promises the admirers of it to introduce new elements and to give the world new stars. The innovations of the last time are Latin house, salsa-merengue, merenhouse, salsaton. Since 1990s the African population seems to revive the interest to salsa music. They gave the world such musicians as Bambino Diabate, Bambino Diabate, Ricardo Lemvo. And the world will definitely see new and new salsa stars.