Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior Essay Example

Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? Essay Violent Video Games Made Me Do It School shootings years ago in Paducah, Kentucky; Jonesboro, Arkansas; and Littleton Colorado, have raised the question time and time again. Do violent video games have an influence on children and their aggressive behavior? In all three of these brutal shootings, all the shooters were students who habitually played violent video games. The Columbine High School students who murdered thirteen and wounded twenty-three in Littleton before committing suicide after the shooting, enjoyed playing Doom, a bloody and violent video game. One of the shooters made a customized version of Doom: two shooters, unlimited ammunition, extra weapons, and victims who couldn’t fight back. This customized version of the game was surprisingly similar to the actual school shooting. To investigate this question to find out if it is true, I read two articles: â€Å"Does Playing Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? †, by Dr. Jeffrey Goldstein, and â€Å"Children and Violent Video Games: Are There ‘High Risk’ Players? †, by Jeanne B. Funk. In Goldstein’s article, he explains that controlled experiments cannot determine if violent video games cause aggressive behavior in children. He argues that children choose to play those violent video games because they want to be stimulated in that way. He argues that this cannot be truly measured because kids do not â€Å"play† when they are being tested in a laboratory. He says, â€Å"They enter an imaginary world with a playful frame of mind, something entirely missing from laboratory studies of violent video games. One of the pleasures of play is this very suspension of reality. Laboratory experiments cannot tell us what the effects of playing video games are, because there is no sense in which participants in these studies ‘play’† (Goldstein 43). We will write a custom essay sample on Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Do Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However Goldstein does believe that violent video games in some way, there is just no clear way to prove it. In Funk’s article, she argues that some children are more vulnerable to aggressive behavior than others because they are drawn to violent video games from pre-existing adjustment problems. She calls these children â€Å"high risk† players. Like Goldstein, she also believes that children play these violent games because they want to be stimulated in that way, it just depends on the child and their situation on how they react to it. She says that children know that they understand the rules in these violent games do not apply to rules in real-life. They understand what is right and wrong when it comes to these violent video games, but they still enjoy playing them. She also says that the direct relationship between violent video games and violent behavior remains to be determined. Both Funk and Goldstein recognize that there could be a link between violent video games and violent behavior, but both believe that other factors need to be taken into play before making the assumption that only the nature of the video game is the reason for a child’s aggressive behavior. But neither of them gives specific examples where children acted out aggressively from a violent video game that wasn’t in a controlled experiment. The study of this problem needs to shift from focusing on lab experiments altogether and focus on real-life, day-to-day interactions with violent video games to determine whether or not they cause aggressive behavior. Studies should be focused on examples like the school shootings, or any acts of violence in school or at home, to see if they are video game related. Neither of them also gives any positives that can come from playing these violent games. Funk and Goldstein both realize that children may be affected by violent video games, but they disagree on the reasons why they are affected. Funk believes that a child’s age, social situation, or emotional problems are the only reasons why they could be affected negatively by these video games. For example, Funk says that a bully or a victim of a bully is more likely to be negatively affected by a violent video game because of cognitive and emotional deficits. She says that bullies already have many negative characteristics that are reinforced by playing violent video games. And as for the victims of bullies, Funk says â€Å"that because of the fantasy roles that they can take on in a violent video game, victims are appealed to this because they want to change their identity and build self-esteem† (Funk 110). Funk also believes that the age of the child playing the video game can be a reason why they are affected. She says that children that are below the age of 12 are most likely to be affected because that is the age when children begin to find what their morals are and compare their morals to others. She says that violent video games â€Å"short circuit† this process. Funk also states that children with impaired emotion regulation are more likely to become addicted to video games. She says that if these types of children are not able to play their games, they experience types of withdrawal, and she gives examples of experiments where children acted out aggressively at not being able to play their games. But none of these points prove that violent video games are directly linked to aggressive behavior. In contrast, Goldstein focuses on the experiments of mainly children to prove that there is not enough evidence to show that violent video games cause aggressive behavior. Goldstein continues to argue that real aggression cannot be measured in a lab. He says that too many experiments are inconsistent with their results to come to a conclusion that these games cause aggression. Goldstein does believe that children are affected by violent games, but they just don’t always act out aggressively. He says â€Å"Recent research has begun to consider how and why people play (violent) video games. Although these approaches may offer new insights into video games, they are still not likely to tell us whether violent video games cause real-life aggression. Not all questions can be answered using social psychological methods† (Goldstein 251). Goldstein believes that studies need to consider players’ social lives also. He says that children choose to play these violent games because of the effect it has on them, it doesn’t mean that they always act out aggressively. Although both Funk and Goldstein agree that video games have an effect on children, they disagree on the methods on how it is measured. But what they both lack to see is that we need to stop focusing on lab experiments altogether to measure this. I think that Funk’s examples of experiments are completely unreliable. First, she does not describe the nature of the experiments, she just makes references to an experiment that we are to assume took place. I agree with her that a child’s age, social situation, and emotional problems can play on the affect that violent video games have on them. But I disagree with her methods about finding these results. Sharing Goldstein’s point of view, children truly aren’t â€Å"playing† if they are in a lab, the child is not comfortable and does not react the same way. Therefore, it makes Funk’s points obsolete. Goldstein’s approach I agree with more. Studies need to look at the social aspects of children to find how they are affected by these violent video games. In a lab experiment, a child probably doesn’t want to be there, so they aren’t comfortable. They don’t get to choose the type of game they want to play, so they don’t show their true emotion towards it. But where I do not agree with Goldstein, is that he thinks we still need to conduct experiments, but using less controls, making the child feel more comfortable so they can show their true emotion. Studies need to stop focusing on experiments altogether, and focus on observing children playing in their natural environment. Using both the methods that Goldstein and Funk have explained but in children’s natural environment, it will give accurate results. Children decide their morals on their own, and playing violent video games is one way for them to find out what their morals are. Some may think that the images they see in these games are acceptable in the real world, others find they these rules do not apply in real life. As a video game player myself, I have made that distinction. I feel that I do not react aggressively in some situations because of violent video games. Although I do believe that we need to be more careful about which games we let our children play because they can react negatively or positively to them. A child will either accept that what is going on in the game is acceptable in real life, or the child will know that these images do not depict real life. Regardless, they will continue to play the game anyway. Arguments have been made that even if the child knows the game does not depict real life, they are numbed by the violence in that game. I agree to this argument, we need to constantly remind our children that these things may be fun but they are not acceptable in the real world. My brothers and I grew up playing video games, violent and non-violent. We all realize that the things in these games do not depict real life. I feel we were not numbed by these violent images. I think that children only react violently because they are addicted to these games. I think that video game addiction needs to be taken more seriously than finding out if these games ause violent behavior, because the violence can come from addiction, not the images in the game itself. We must monitor our children’s playing times and continually remind them that although these games may be fun, the morals they depict are wrong. Works Cited Goldstein, Jeffrey. â€Å"Does Playing Violent Video Games Cause Aggressive Behavior? † Playing by the Rules. Chicago: Cultural Policy Center, 2001. Print Funk, Jeanne. â€Å"Children and Violent Video Games: Are There High Risk Players? † www. afim. org/highrisk. pdf. Jan. 30 2009. Web. Oct 10, 2010

Humanitarian non

Humanitarian non Introduction Study literature shows that there are various humanitarian non-governmental organizations across the world. However, this study seeks to analyze the World Food Program (WFP) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The study takes into consideration their goals, achievements and failures. It also compares the activities undertaken by these agencies as well as how they operate across the globe.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Humanitarian non-organization WFP vs. IFAD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goals The WFP is a global charitable United Nation agency. It is globally the biggest charitable agency responsible for combating food shortage. The agency supplies food where it is considered necessary during urgent situations. The organization helps in saving the emergencies’ victims from starvation. Provided the source of crisis is over, the agency uses food in assist ing those who are affected in rebuilding their lives. In this regard, the agency effectively transforms into a development agency. The contemporary goals of this agency include saving lives and protecting the living standards during urgent situations. When such emergencies are over the agency seeks to mitigate severe food shortage. It devotes resources to emergency preparedness and puts preventive measures in place. These efforts include restituting the livelihoods of whoever is affected during crisis. In addition, the WFP aims to minimize persistent food shortage and malnutrition. From the development perspective, WFP seeks to reinforce the abilities of countries to minimize food shortage. Essentially, the main aim of WFP is to reduce global hunger particularly in developing countries through the application of various strategies. That is, WFP is mandated to ensure considerable reduction of global hunger through the application of various strategies (Food Program 2) The IFAD is man dated to finance farming development specifically during food production. The authority of this agency is restricted to developing countries. The agency was established to ensure that individuals who live in complete poverty have the opportunity to produce food that can sustain their livelihoods. The core goal of the agency pertains to the improvement of food production. In fact, the production of foodstuffs is in terms of quantity and quality but these take place in the developing countries. That is, developing states produce large chunks of valuable foodstuffs to help curb emergencies. Besides, the goal of this agency is to marshal supplementary resources that may be used during crises to assist in agricultural growth within poor states.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What the agencies have done so far in specific areas The evaluations on the effect iveness of WFP demonstrate positive outcomes in view of delivering charitable activities and growth goals. The most evident successes have been in the delivery of food to the victims during emergencies. The achievements have contributed to the deterrence of acute food shortages hence curing malnutrition, chronic starvation and death. Most of such foodstuffs have been purchased from farmers who were initially supported by the agency after disasters occurred in Africa. In the year 2008, WFP implemented the Purchase for Progress (P4P) initiative. It was implemented in more than 20 countries including Asia, Central America and African states. The WFP in collaboration with other partners support farmers with technical knowledge, credit and access to inputs. When agricultural products are ready, the WFP always purchase them from farmers. Such foodstuffs are stored and distributed to other emergency cases that emerge across the globe. For instance, more than 312, 120 bags of foodstuffs pri zed at $121 million were bought from the planters’ groups, SME dealers, and advertising podiums (World Food Program 2). The IFAD has made significant steps in upholding sexual parity in the developing countries. It recognizes the responsibility of females in producing foodstuffs, ensuring domestic foodstuffs safety and managing intrinsic assets. In this regard, it reflects on the fact that women have limited access to resources that are necessary for food production. The most significant step by IFAD was achieved when the agency published and approved a document in 1992 aimed at empowering rural women and spearheading economics for advancement. According to IFAD report, from the fiscal 1990s, the International Fund for Agricultural Development planned and executed various detached female ventures and development ingredients or actions intended for the deprived females. In the past years, the International Fund for Agricultural Development provided its local segments with appr oved donation funding and local sexual category programs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Humanitarian non-organization WFP vs. IFAD specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They were aimed at molding competence, scientific sustenance and studying sex associated guidelines and promotion. Various areas constructed particular local sexual category plans, employment areas and state subsidy-financed programs meant to empower females and streamline masculinity (IFAD 2013, 3). The IFAD has been successful in empowering women in Uganda and Tanzania. These countries have made tremendous steps in decentralizing their activities to allocate most governmental positions to women. Based on this recognition, the IFAD joined hands with such governments to assist rustic women to advance economically through agriculture. The collaboration has seen governments lay infrastructures via which IFAD can easily access or accessed by women who need financial support for agricultural purposes. What is common and what is different between these agencies The agencies were founded under the United Nations conventions in different years. While the WFP is mandated to distribute relief food during emergencies, the IFAD is responsible for funding agricultural activities in third world countries (Kliest and Singh 68). The goal was to facilitate the supply of food to poor families in order to alleviate chronic hunger. The WFP has been very successful in the distribution of food during emergencies and reestablished the livelihoods of victims of these tragedies. However, it has failed in its effort to promote gender equality. However, it has made significant steps in improving the lives of women and girls. The agency has promoted the recognition of women not only as vulnerable groups, but also as essential contributors to the domestic and national food security. The main difference between these two agencies is the approach used towards the eradication of poverty among those who are affected. Nevertheless, the WFP is not selective with respect to global location where it offers assistance provided an emergency has occurred.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consequent beneficiaries of the programs are not selected on gender basis. Conversely, IFAD concentrates on third world countries and further narrows it operations down to women. Thus, women benefit more from IFAD support compared to men (IFAD 23). Negative ways The IFAD supervisory panel has been riddled with political gimmicks. The trend was set under the first president of the agency named Al-Sudeary. This was seen when he was administering funds for political gains. Apparently, he turned down the effort by 17 developing countries to create project classification and groundwork missions. The requests were not expeditiously handled while the meeting that was supposed to follow was postponed indefinitely. The debate regarding the operation of the agency has been neglected by most Western countries. The silence has been interpreted as a move to ensure the failure of the fund. In fact, the move by the United States to be omitted from the list of funders of the agency has been sus picious. In the context of IFAD, there are powerful principles backdrops. It has been claimed by some quarters that the establishment of the agency was aimed at preserving the capitalist structure in the developing countries (Tabolt 275). In the context of the developing countries, the development agenda and those who are behind its implementation are aggravated by the desire to compel the developing countries to embrace the new structures of domination approved by the sponsors. In view of the conditions that the Executive Board attaches to the funding of agricultural development in the developing countries, the growth models support the wealthy at the expense of those who are deprived. The requirement by the agency for the beneficiaries to pay interest on concessional funds is sarcastic. The fund was initially intended to benefit poor countries so that they may develop agricultural products. The allocation of the vast resources collected from sponsors and other financial organizati ons is subjected to influence of Western countries. The resources are not allocated founded on the need by the recipient country. Warah observe that resources are allocated imperially with the aim of influencing the recipient to comply with certain conditions that aggravate the existing poor conditions 8. WFP faces the challenge of environmental sustainability. The agency has resources but does not invest time and financial resources in environmental interventions in areas where it operates. The failure is a challenge for the people that the agency seeks to restore their livelihoods since they continue to exist in challenging environments. Besides, the WFP initiatives fail to engage with poor country governments. In fact, the governments despite being poor have the potential to offer logistical support for effective operation of the agency (Warah 35). The agency has been complimented for effective response to emergencies in terms of food distribution. However, planning for transitio n between relief and recovery is not effective. The agency continues to distribute food over long periods despite the fact that the victims are ready to start livelihood recovery. Finally, the agency holds consultative meetings for months or years before logistical support is supplied to the victims to start their operations again. Conclusion From the study, it becomes apparent that both agencies have had impacts on third world countries and tragedy victims. However, still many things must be done in order to realize the complete and deliverable capacities of these agencies. IFAD. â€Å"IFAD’s Efforts and Achievements in Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment.† Approach Paper, 5.3(2010): 1-33. Print. Kliest, Ted and Goberdhan Singh. â€Å"Review of the World Food Programme’s Humanitarian and Development Effectiveness.† Global Support Report, 4.1(2012): 1-78. Print. Tabolt, Ross. â€Å"The International Fund for Agricultural Development.† Political Science Quarterly, 95.2(1980): 261-276. Print. Warah, Rasna. The Development Myth. Milton Keynes, UK: AuthorHouse, 2008. Print. World Food Program. Purchase for Progress: Achievements. London, UK: Sage Publishers, 2013: 1-2. Print.

How are the index number used to display economics or financial data Essay

How are the index number used to display economics or financial data Identify some examples to illustrate your answer - Essay Example assigned a value of unity, or even 100, in some reference period, and the value of other index for other given periods of time are intended to indicate the average proportionate or even the percentage change in price from this price reference period. For example if a given product is costing thrice as much as in 1990 as it did in 1980, its index could be taken to be 300 times relative to 1980. Price indices can be used to measure differences in price levels between different regions, countries and cities at the same point in time. For example, the Bic Mac price have been noted to occur in China at 51% reduction from U.S. prices. Considering such indices, it can be possible to forecast currency values. Based on this illustration China currency is undervalued and provides a currency investment opportunity. The price indices have three important characteristics. They are published frequently, usually every month but at times every quarter. They are available quickly, about two weeks after the end of the month or quarter. They are usually not revised, and they are closely monitored hence attracts a lot of publicity (Moulton et al, 2002). As a result of continuous publication, the price index provides timely information about the rate of inflation, and at times they are used to provide a wide variety of purposes, in addition to indexing wages. For example, consumer price indices are used to index other payments such as interest payment or rents, and at times the price of bonds. They are also used to provide index pensions and social security benefits. There are different kinds of index of numbers that can be used. Most economists and compliers of consumer price index agree that the index formula to be used should belong to a small class of indices called superlative indices (Turvey, 2004). This superlative index is expected to provide an approximation to a cost of living index. The main feature of superlative index is that it treats both periods being compared

Are Drug Courts in United States Successful in Reducing Drug Crime and Term Paper

Are Drug Courts in United States Successful in Reducing Drug Crime and Recidivism - Term Paper Example Drug related crime is a vital issue which leads to injustice and curtails socio-cultural and economic development in the society. Within this context, drug related crime in America curbs the development process of the society as a whole. When individuals indulge in drug related crimes, the best possible way to get rid of the same is rehabilitation and follow up programs. One can easily identify that severe punishment cannot reduce drug crime because the individuals who are indulged in drug related crimes is not aware of its seriousness. Within this context, the drug courts in United States play an important role in reducing drug crime and recidivism. Thesis statement: The innovative measures adopted by the drug courts in United States prove successful in reducing drug crimes and recidivism (special references to the measures adopted by the drug courts to reduce drug crime and recidivism). I. Brief introduction to drug crimes and drug courts in US As pointed out, drug abuse leads to a number of crimes but it is not the grass root level cause for crimes. In general, illegal drugs like crack-cocaine, morphine etc leads to a number of criminal acts within the society. Within this context, drug trafficking, production and distribution leads to increase in organized crime. Stimmel (1996) opines that â€Å"Among the most prominent social effects of both illicit and licit drug use is its relationship with crime† (p.13). When more and more individuals consider drug trafficking as an easy way to earn money, the problems related to the same show increase. From a different angle of view, the drug crimes in US are interconnected with lack of economic and social support to the needy (say, the victims of drug abuse). But the traditional mode of treatment provided to the defendants is insufficient to meet their needs because it is based on punishment and long time sentencing in prisons. But Goldberg (2009), opines that â€Å"In gene ral, people are in favor of treatment for drug abusers but do not want drug treatment centers in their neighborhoods† (p.299). Besides, the victims of drug abuse are not in need of sympathy. But effective treatment can help them to the re-enter the mainstream society without further problems in their personal and public domains. Within the context of drug crimes in US, the drug courts play an important role in reducing drug abuse related crimes. Franco (2010), states that â€Å"Drug courts were quickly adopted by communities and states struggling with the challenges that stemmed from the growing abuse and trafficking of illegal drugs† (p.5). The drug courts in US consist of number of committees, which help the offenders to have easy recovery. For instance, the judiciary, mental health department, social service organizations etc co-operate to help the offenders to be away from the clutches of drug abuse and crimes. The history of drug courts in US is interconnected with the drug court in Miami- Dade County, which was established in the year 1989. One can see that the primary aim of drug courts in US is to provide drug treatment services to the needy and to promote public safety. Besides, rehabilitation services and evaluation of the measures adopted to reduce drug related crimes are other functions of drug courts in US. Within this scenario, local support and community support are important for the smooth functioning of drug courts. In short, the drug courts aim to provide treatment facilities to the non-violent offenders and help them to re-enter the mainstream society. II. Measures taken by drug courts in reducing drug crime and recidivism First of all, the traditional legal processing in US was inefficient and inadequate to reduce drug crime and recidivism. For instance, the traditional legal processing system in US gave importance to punishment, not treatment for the victims. Within this context, treatment provided by the traditional system wa s effective, but high rate of dropping out reduced the

What is Hobbes account of the good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Hobbes account of the good - Essay Example Therefore, according to him, things are perceived to be good if the repercussions of undertaking it are pleasing to us. There are two forms of motion as described by Hobbes: vital motion, which runs through the entire existence span of a living creature such as the flow of blood and voluntary motion, which is processed through imagination, followed by execution of the thought. In defining what may be perceived as good, Hobbes argues that good usually produces a motion deep inside us; the motion experienced is referred to as ‘delight.’ Sovereign states do play an important role in ensuring harmonious existence of different people. This is because the sovereign states have laws, which people have to abide to, failure to which they are to face punishment. In avoiding punishment, people try to avoid doing any act that is against the stipulated laws; thus, promoting harmony. Absence of such regulating authority would lead to people undertaking different activities based on th eir perceptions. For example, a man could sleep with anyone at any location and perceive it to be good because it brings forth delight to him. How Hobbes’ account of the good is related to his account of the constitutions â€Å"of Man.† Hobbes account of the good is related to his account of constitution of man in that mechanical effects of their senses trigger human actions. According to Hobbes, a man uses his volition to direct his actions away from harmful or evil situations, and towards beneficial situations. Hobbes employs the word appetites as well as aversions to explain conflicting desires of a man. Some human appetites are natural for instance, food desires while others emanate from a man’s experiences. Certain appetites emanate in the body of a man and are experienced as disruptions and sufferings that should be overcome. Therefore, every man is stimulated to act in a way that tends to ease his discomfort, safeguard and enhance his well-being. Similarl y, a man’s actions are dictated by this innate inclination to easy the physical challenges which impinge upon his body. Desires for some ‘good’ changes with time, even though a man cease to survive if he ceases to have desires for good things. In other words, it is the nature of man to search and desire for the ‘good’ such as wealth, power and diet to achieve satisfaction of his desires. A man’s power is a strategy to achieve a better future, ‘the good’. Human power is categorized into one natural power that comes from innate capacities of his mind and body such as strength, ability, artistic capability and brevity. Secondly, instrumental power that emanates from the acquired faculties as well as friends benefits, reputation or resources. The enduring perpetual and endless appetites for power are an essential quality common to all human beings. Similarly, fear of powers and authorities of other people serves as a counterbalance fo r the power desires and prevents human beings from often competing to attain power. Addition, fear of death, war and accidents stimulates men to seek harmony (common good for all). Description of the distinctly social nature of the desires that are common to us There is impossibility for a people to live without desires just like the way they can live without imaginations. Moreover, Hobbes describes happiness to a continual progress of desires, which is derived from one object to another, and achieving a path that leads to other paths in life. Nevertheless, the reasons behind this

Why Is the Term “World Cinema” Problematic?

Why Is the Term â€Å"World Cinema† Problematic? Generally the term â€Å"World cinema† is used for films produced in different countries of world, especially non-English speaking countries, i.e. why some people tries to explain it as a foreign language cinema. But world cinema is a much broader concept which includes the commercial and the artistic films produced by the third world countries. Actually, it has many different meanings than foreign language cinema. World cinema refers to all filmmaking countries. There is a lot of misunderstandings and complications regarding this term. To have the proper understanding of world cinema first we should have to go through with the world cinema history. Cinema was started from the year 1880s by US, but the duration between the years 1880 and 1904 is actually known as the American silent era. In these early years of cinema there a lot of inventions and innovations took place. Filmmaking was the commercial medium in US. There the first camera was invented by Dickson in the year 1890 and then first film was made. With the time many new inventions were been made. Some small studios were also made where audience could watch the film for some money. At that time cinema was limited to US audience only. At the same time, France was also efforting for cinema. In France, the Lumiere brothers invented the combination of camera, and projector named Cinematograph. And they were the first person there who produced movies and projected it publically in Paris in the year 1895.They continued it with filming many more events in France and send them to London and New York. In the year 1896, the first exhibition of Cinematograph took place in Latin America and after that it travelled many cities of the world like Bombay, Shenghai, Dakar, Manilla, etc.There, some more production companies and distribution companies distributed many films to US which improvised the image of cinema in Europe and US. But at the time of first world war, most of the European film industries were affected badly and most of them got shut. Due to which French Cinema lost its market. After the end of World War, French companies again tried to stand their industry. French film industry linked to to some art movements like Impressionism, DADA, and surrealism. Impressionism began in 1860 in France, and many of impressionists believed that art should not be competed with realism and it should pick the artist`s impression to the external world. There should be impressionists films which should relate to the viewer`s heart and value. They should express emotional and mental states of film characters by manipulating the use of camera. According to them, there should be subjective camera work, use of optical devices and rhythmic reading. Before the First World War, German cinema was relatively insignificant industry. There was very little emphasis on film making until the govt. Recognised potential political value of cinema. Ultimately, due to the war the German cinema grew up. Where as, it declined in the rest part of Europe. The major cause of growth of German cinema was growth of isolationism. The German industrialists and politicians encouraged the German cinema a lot as they were politically influenced. Almost it became the legacy of German golden age. It gave a good impact on Hollywood by reinforcement of character and narrative visually conveyed. Before the revolution in 1917, Russian cinema was struggling to survive.There was a few number of films produced at that time but after the end of revolution, it passed through much more bad condition as there were conflicts between the red people and white people.That time the Russian cinema was almost finished due to the attacks by the foreign powers.there were some practice made by the government to save it.At that time Constructivism,the art movement, circus and montage were the influence there.According to these purpose of the art was to serve the society.Russian filmmakers changed there vision for film and approached films as scientists.Then popular art was taken as much effective that the traditional arts and there were visual effects been much emphasised than the story. British cinema was similar to the cinema of US with almost same technical, narrative and popularity.But with an increase in the number of sstudios in US it was down than Hollywood.British cinema was dominated by Hollywood because of the same language.In the year 1927 The British government passed Quota Act which was designed to limitise the import of Hollywood film in Britain and to stimulate the British films.But it was not running good in it early and mid cinematic history.But after the huge success of a British movie â€Å"The private life of Henry viirsquo in US, British cinema again started running well.Then in the year 1938 a new quota act was introduced and many British filmmakers came back on work with new style and The respect for realism, social issueslike domestic problems and Fascism in Europe. There was a significant contribution on doucumenatries afterwards.At the time of World War 11, a team of filmmakers working under government prepared for the war and began with th e production of propaganda films. After the war Italys most significant era of film making occurred in 1942-51 with a movement known as â€Å"Italian Neorealismrsquo. At this time the themes of the Italian films were focussed on the social and political issues and realism bordering on documentaries.Italian film industry was influenced by the other national cinemas like US, France and Great Britain.But before the Neorealism Italian films were made with high production values and special effects.These films were used to be imported by US.And it was popular in all over the Europe.But in 1920 the Fascist government came in rule and made the propaganda films and required theatre to show them. The government tried to control the film industry by it own but was unable to control effectively. The Fascist government provided two institutions named â€Å"Cinecitta and â€Å"Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia. Cincitta was a huge production center with 12 sound stages which got some damaged at the time of the war.And the second one was a state-sponsored filmmaking school.In the era of Neorealism 1st real Neorealist film was made named â€Å"open city in the year 1945. Italian cinema was not popular even in Italy and US audience never accepted it.US took its advantage by making co-productions in Italy.French Poetic Realism affected the Neorealism and Hollywood was enjoying the advantages of Neorealism. After the war Europe became the true competitive of Hollywood for which the two world wars became the reasons.After world war ll Western Europe promoted the â€Å"auteurism means meant to be the personal expressions of individual artists. In the late 1940 and 50s a new term came in existence Tradition of Quality.There were studio systems. theatrical and literary and high production values.One more theory was there the â€Å"AUTEUR THEORY.According to this theoryfilms should be a medium of self expression.The Auteur critics rejected the the French tradition of Quality by saying that French cinema is much literary than cinematic.These critics preferred directors of French Poetic Realism and Italian Neorealism.Then the French New Wave took place there from year 1959-68. The directors of the new waves were critics first who were not influenced by the stage and literature but by the films and borrowed money for the low-budget films.The films produced in this period were not narratively influenced, their cinematic style and editing styles were not good.but when the French new Wave declined in the year 1968, many directors were absorbed into the French studio system and made the popular films which were low-budget popular and praised internationally.It was a major step in the European art cinema.These influenced the other movments and national cinemas like US,British,etc.The Auteur Theory became universal world wide directors approached this theory.

Effects of The Pleistocene Epoch on Colorado Essay -- Glaciers Nature

Effects of The Pleistocene Epoch on Colorado INTRODUCTION Glaciers are an integral part of the world’s climate. In fact, as Richard Armstrong of the University of Colorado says, â€Å"Glaciers are key indicators in monitoring and detecting climate change† (Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, 2003, p. 1). Not only are they an important part of monitoring current climate, they can hold many keys to the past. Glaciers are in fact, â€Å"a source of paleoclimate data†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Meier and Dyurgerov, 1980, p. 37). This paleoclimate data can give geologists information on the conditions that were present at the time of the glaciers birth, as well as the approximate age. This has an important role in the geologic time scale of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. These Glaciers played a role in the carving of the present day Rocky Mountains in Colorado, which will be the primary focus of this paper. In addition, glacial formations will be discussed to give the reader background information and the future of the Glaciers in Colorado will close this paper. GLACIER FORMATION AND TYPES A good description of a glacier is given by Jim Wickwire in his book â€Å"Addicted to Danger.† In it he says, â€Å"A glacier is not a fixed, solid thing. It flows like a river, with currents, some parts smooth, others rough† (Wickwire, 1998, p. 1). This happens to go along with Webster’s definition, in that a glacier must be moving, either because of gravity or because it’s spreading out underneath itself due to additional accumulations. (Meeriam-Webster, 2000, p. 493). Glaciers can be classified into many categories. First they are divided into either Alpine or Continental. Alpine glaciers are those that are found in mountainous regions and Continental, such as Greenland,... ...K.W. Porter: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver, CO, p. 165-173. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th Ed): 2000, Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Springfield, Massachusetts, p 493. Plummer, C.C., McGeary, D., and Carlson, D.H., 2003, Physical geology (10th Ed.): McGraw-Hill, Boston, 580 p. Ã…Å"ibrava, V., Bowmen, D.Q., and Richmond, G.M, 1986, Quaternary glaciations in the northern hemisphere; report of the International Geological Correlation Programme, Project 24 (International Union of Geological Sciences and UNESCO): Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, 514 p. University of Colorado, Boulder, August 11, 2003, NASA funds Colorado University at Boulder study of changes in Earth’s glacier systems in Ascribe Science News Service: pNa, p 1. Wickwire, J., and Bullitt, D., 1998, Addicted to danger: Pocket Books, New York, 332 p.